Application of imidacloprid controlled-release granules to enhance the utilization rate and control wheat aphid on winter wheat

During winter wheat production, aphids need to be controlled with pesticides for the entire growth period. Controlled-release technology has been regarded as an alternative method for the improvement of pesticide efficiency. This study investigated two types of imidacloprid controlled-release granule (CR-GR): 2% imidacloprid CR-GR and 0.2% imidacloprid pesticide-fertilizer controlled-release granule (PF-CR-GR) when wheat was sown in winter. The release performance, utilization rate, terminal residues in edible parts, control effect on aphids, and achieved winter wheat yield were evaluated for both laboratory experiments and field application. Imidacloprid PF-CR-GR released more quickly in aqueous medium than CR-GR because of its good water solubility. After CR-GR treatments, the concentrations in wheat roots and soil were similar throughout the entire sampling period, and the concentrations in shoots were about 10–20% of those in roots. Imidacloprid was better absorbed when CR-GR was used as root treatment, compared with foliar treatment. Field application showed that imidacloprid CR-GR and PF-CR-GR controlled aphids throughout the entire growth period of winter wheat and improved the wheat yield. These findings identified application of imidacloprid CR-GR and PF-CR-GR on winter wheat as an effective way to enhance the pesticide utilization rate and ensure adequate yield. This paper provides a theoretical basis for the scientific use of pesticides and guides scientific pesticide application.     

氯虫苯甲酰胺水分散粒剂对桃小食心虫的防治效果研究

本试验比较了不同浓度氯虫苯甲酰胺水分散粒剂对桃小食心虫的防治效果。结果表明:试验药剂35%氯虫苯甲酰胺水分散粒剂在水中分散性良好,700倍用药量(有效成分量为41.2 g/hm^2)防治桃小食心虫的速效性和持效性均良好,14 d后防效达到最大值,为99.1%。试验证明,氯虫苯甲酰胺水分散粒剂可用来防治果树桃小食心虫。     

优化预处理及脱毒工艺以制备玉米芯半纤维素水解液

为了降低玉米芯半纤维素水解液中的乙酸、糠醛和酚类等有毒物质含量,使可利用糖类含量增加。本研究以玉米芯为原料制备水解液,对预处理及脱毒工艺进行优化,并利用高效液相色谱(HPLC)检测优化效果。结果表明,10~20目的玉米芯在10%氨水浸泡24 h后,可将乙酸和酚类物质的脱除率,分别提高至93.4%和32.3%,而糠醛的含量也大大降低。经过真空浓缩、CaO脱毒以及2%活性炭吸附后,使有毒物质含量再次降低,此时的水解液可完全用于菌株的发酵试验,达到了去除的目的。本文所得到的最佳水解液处理步骤,其结果符合菌株发酵用标准,说明水解液处理方式的不同,直接影响着水解液的制备。这为研究和利用木质纤维素等可再生资源提供了思路,也为发酵生产奠定了理论基础。     

不同配料颗粒秸秆施用对土壤速效养分及小麦生长的影响

我国西北地区气温较低，秸秆直接还田腐解慢、养分循环慢、当季利用率低、影响作物出苗，导致秸秆还田率不高。针对以上问题，本研究以小麦秸秆为原料，以硫磺粉（养分活化剂）和麦秸生物炭（养分吸附剂）为外源添加材料，制成秸秆颗粒。硫磺粉的添加质量比为3%（WS3）、5%（WS5）、10%（WS10），生物质炭的添加质量比为5%（WC5）、10%（WC10）、15%（WC15），以秸秆颗粒（WK）、剪碎秸秆（W，W6）及无秸秆（CK）为对照，通过盆栽试验探究了秸秆颗粒对土壤速效养分及小麦生长的影响。结果表明：秸秆颗粒较剪碎秸秆处理相比，能显著提高土壤速效养分及小麦生物量和植株全量氮、磷、钾含量，添加硫磺或生物炭的秸秆颗粒提升效果更明显。各处理土壤硝态氮含量以WS3处理最高，较W处理提高14.44%；铵态氮含量以WC5处理最高，较W处理提高40.93%；速效磷含量以WS10处理最高，较W处理提高23.42%；速效钾含量以WC5处理最高，较W处理提高9.05%；差异均达显著水平（P<0.05）。小麦生物量以WS5处理最高，较WK处理提高29.61%；全氮含量以WS10最高，较WK处理提高11.44%；全磷含量以WS10处理最高，较WK处理提高21.82%；全钾含量以WC15最高，较WK处理提高12.53%；差异均达显著水平（P<0.05）。综上可知，秸秆颗粒在西北地区实现秸秆还田和养分循环，维持土壤肥力等方面具有很大应用前景。     

HPLC法测定复方黄芪饲料添加剂中五种指标成分含量

试验旨在建立采用HPLC同时测定复方黄芪饲料添加剂中毛蕊异黄酮苷、甘草苷、刺芒柄花苷、毛蕊异黄酮、甘草酸5种指标成分含量的方法。试验采用Agela Venusic C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),以乙腈-0.1%磷酸溶液为流动相,进行梯度洗脱,流速1.0 mL/min,柱温30℃。结果显示,复方黄芪中5种指标成分分离度良好,且在各自线性范围内线性良好,精密度、重复性、稳定性的相对标准偏差(RSD)均小于3%,平均回收率为95%~105%。3批样品中5种指标成分的含量均值分别为0.43、1.06、0.11、0.14、0.60 mg/g,5种指标成分的总量均值为2.34 mg/g,5种成分的含量较稳定,可作为复方黄芪饲料添加剂的质量控制指标成分。研究表明,试验建立的方法操作简便、准确,重复性好、灵敏度高,能够为复方黄芪饲料添加剂的质量控制提供参考。     

Starch granule size variation and relationship with tuber dry matter content in heritage potato varieties

Heritage potato varieties in Canada are historic old varieties collected from Canada and various countries before the formal establishment of the Canadian plant variety registration system and may be a valuable gene resource for beneficial traits in potato breeding and bioproducts development. Greater evaluation is the key for the enhanced use of these materials. It is unknown how much variation of starch granules occurs among Canadian heritage potato varieties. We analyzed the starch granule size of 14 potato heritage varieties held in the Canadian Plant Gene Resources collection over 2 years using a squeezed juice and microscopic method recently developed at the Potato Research Centre. The varieties demonstrated considerable variation in starch granule size and shape. The granules showed average lengths ranging from 18 μm in the variety Congo to 32 μm in ‘Russet Burbank’. The largest single granule measured from 64 μm in ‘Congo’ to 91 μm in ‘Crotte d’Ours.’ The granule sizes of the varieties showed a very high correlation (r = 0.975, P < 0.0001) between years. This high reproducibility suggests the existence of genetic factors in determining starch granule size. We also found that the starch granule size is positively correlated with tuber dry matter (in terms of specific gravity) in these heritage potatoes. The results demonstrated reproducible genotypic variation for starch granule size and shape in tubers with a significant correlation to tuber dry matter in these heritage potato varieties, and offers the possibility for and agronomic relevance of genetic modification of starch granules through selective breeding.     

纤维素酶在玉米芯上的吸附及其水解作用

对纤维素酶在玉米芯纤维底物上的吸附特征及其水解作用进行了研究.纤维素酶组分中的外切型β-葡聚糖酶(C1酶) 、内切型β-葡聚糖酶(CMC酶)和纤维二糖酶(CB酶)在同一纤维素底物上具有不同的吸附性质,底物的粒度、预处理条件、pH值、温度等因素对纤维素酶的吸附具有不同的影响.在特定的酶解条件下(底物质量分数10 %,pH值4.8,50 ℃),C1酶、CMC酶组分主要吸附在玉米芯纤维底物上,而CB酶组分则大部分游离在液相中.利用纤维素酶的吸附特性,在玉米芯酶解工艺中实现了纤维素酶的回收复用.当玉米芯纤维底物质量分数为10 %,纤维素酶初始用量为每克底物15 FPIU ,酶解48 h后滤去水解液,保留纤维素残渣并加入新鲜底物,同时补加纤维二糖酶(每克底物4 IU)和少量纤维素酶(每克底物7.5 FPIU),继续酶解48 h,如此重复进行.连续重复7批的试验结果表明:这一酶解工艺简便易行,纤维素酶的用量可节约50 %, 同时纤维素的酶解得率平均可达80 %以上.这一研究结果在可再生纤维素资源酶法糖化利用方面具有重要意义.     

农药新剂型——微乳粒剂配制的可行性研究

以三唑磷为模式农药,研究了一种外观为颗粒状、用水稀释后成微乳液的农药新剂型——微乳粒剂配制的可行性。以乳状液的中位径(D50)为因变量,各表面活性剂用量为自变量,采用混料均匀试验设计并结合偏最小二乘回归法筛选表面活性剂品种;用比例法与对分法优化各表面活性剂用量;采用旋转挤压造粒法造粒。将筛选获得的农乳500与农乳602号用于配制15%三唑磷微乳粒剂,其乳状液外观为淡蓝色透明状,分散相颗粒迁移速度为0,且不同水质(水硬度:0~3 420 mg/L,水温:10~50 ℃)下乳液稳定性均合格;乳状液D50为54.2 nm,粒径分布范围为15.7~122 nm,粒径增大速率为0.01%/min;乳状液在相对离心力10 730×g下离心5 min未发生相分离。结果表明:该三唑磷微乳粒剂的乳状液为微乳液,微乳粒剂可以成功配制。     

平菇培养料发酵过程理化因素及微生物变化研究

通过对平菇(Pleurotus ostreatus)玉米芯培养料进行发酵处理,监测玉米芯发酵料的堆温和pH值变化,对不同发酵阶段进行微生物区系分析并测定了发酵过程中脱氢酶和碱性磷酸酶的变化。结果表明,在玉米芯培养料的发酵过程中,堆温先升高后降低,而pH值先降低后升高。微生物主要以细菌和放线菌为主,真菌数量很少。随着发酵的进行,细菌和放线菌数量,脱氢酶以及碱性磷酸酶的活性呈逐渐上升趋势。     

灌浆期高温对不同耐热性小麦籽粒淀粉积累的影响

为揭示小麦耐热机理,以3个耐热性不同的小麦品种(系)［44（耐热）、94（热敏感）和中国春（热敏感）］为材料,在开花后15 d至成熟进行胁迫（昼/夜温度37/17 ℃,14/10 h）,探究热胁迫对小麦灌浆时间、千粒重、籽粒淀粉含量、组成和淀粉颗粒的影响。结果表明,在高温胁迫处理后,耐热和热敏感小麦籽粒总淀粉含量均降低,直/支比分别下降和升高;与耐热品系44相比,2个热敏感小麦品种的A型淀粉颗粒粒径减小,中间型淀粉颗粒（8~14 μm）增多。这些结果说明,灌浆期高温胁迫抑制了小麦籽粒淀粉的积累,但不同耐热能力的品种（系）对高温胁迫的响应存在差异。